Addons for Competitive Gameplay
There are many levels to gameplay in WoW, with most players undertaking competitive-oriented content at some level including either or both PvE (Mythic+ Dungeons and Raids) and PvP (Arenas and Battlegrounds) content. Some players choose not to engage in these content types, and there is nothing wrong with being a casually-oriented gamer if that's what you enjoy doing (although 'casual' is also a pejorative term within the more competitive-oriented community).
A large number of addons have been developed to assist players in performing better in competitive content - and over time having at least a few of these addons has become all but mandatory for any competitive-level gameplay, and certainly mandatory for any players aspiring to more serious or hardcore content (i.e. Heroic or Mythic Raiding, Mythic Dungeons beyond the lower levels).
Most of these addons are designed for one purpose (e.g. managing mob threat) or a few closely-related purposes (tracking dps, hps, interrupts), but a few are designed to be broadly multi-purpose such as UI Replacements and WeakAuras, which are both detailed on separate pages due to their broader applicability and flexibility.
Information on installing and managing addons is included in the page on addons for General Gameplay.
General Addons for Improving Performance
Ask Mr. Robot allows a player to export details on their player (clases and specialisation, talents chosen, gear and inventory) with an aim to optimise characer choices to improve performance.
Full use of Ask Mr. Robot (such as using it's 'Best in Bags' option to select the best gear for your character) requires a subscription of (USD) $2 monthly or $12 annually.
Details! is a fully-featured tracking suite known first for being a damage/healing meter (DPS and HPS tracking) but with substantially more tracking capability. Details can track damage taken, interrupts, player deaths (and the proximate cause), spells cast, ability procs, any many other things.
Details allows for the use of plugins for additional funcionality - for example to add a timeline to review an encounter such as a raid boss in-game. Details also includes an 'Action Tracker' plugin which lists actions performed by the character in a scrolling window (particularly useful for streamers or for analysing recorded gameplay).
Details - when used to its fullest extent - can give a player significant detail about their character's performance in a fight, second only to analysing logged combat through a website.
GTFO is a simple addon that plays warning sounds when a player stands in avoidable damage, warning them to "Get The Fuck Out" so their healer doesn't hate them. Includes a few different sounds depending on the damage source and amount.
Simulationcraft (often called 'simc' pronounced sim-sea for short) allows a player to export a data string representing their character including talents and other choices, gear, inventory etc. for use in an external simulator. The data is utilised to simulate (or 'sim') combat against programmed AI situations (a dungeon boss, a trash pack, a raid boss with regular adds, etc.)
SimC output is utilised by both the desktop Simulationcraft program and the online RaidBots simulator to find optimal configurations of talents, covenant, enchants, gems, gear, etc.
ElitismHelper records 'avoidable' damage received in Mythic+ dungeons. It can report to the player or party damage either as taken or at the end of dungeon, or can record silently.
A threshold can be selected to ensure reporting is restricted to damage above a user-chosen level only.
Hekili is designed to assist players with perfecting rotation by showing the next few recommended actions for a chosen class and specialisation. The recommended actions rotate as actions are taken and will respond to any ability procs activated.
The pawn tool adds a relative power level to equipment both equipped and in the inventory, based on pre-defined or user-set variables. It is primarily intended to help players select between different gear options which might for example have different secondary statistics (haste/vers v crit/vers for example).
Pawn can only perform a simple linear calculation based on chosen relative weightings between primary, secondary and other statistics, so it is crucial that players first either find trusted relative weightings or determine their own, for example via use of Simulationcraft and Raidbots. Changes in talents, or even changes to relative gear level, can influence stat weightings, so it is recomennded Pawn be used as a guide only in-between or in advance of more time-consuming simulations via Raidbots, SimC, Ask Mr. Robot or similar.
Addons for Healing
Clique allows a player to assign 'on-click' actions to unit frames, frequently utilised by healers for efficient healing. Actions can be assigned to left, right and middle-click actions, with or without modifiers (control, shift, and/or alt in any combination).
Through use of Clique a player can use any unit frame addon (or utilise Blizzard default unit frames) and still have click-to-heal functionality that is otherwise only available via a frame+click addon, such as HealBot or VuhDo.
Decursive does only one thing but does it well. It places small unit frames in a flexible position, which highlight (with a warning sound) when a player-dispellable debuff is placed on a party member. Configurable and usable by all healer and non-healer classes (e.g. mage remove curse)..
HealBot, alongside VuhDo, is one of the two most-used healing addons comprising both unit frames + click action functionality.
Players can customise left, right and middle-click actions with and without modifiers to perform click-to-heal actions.
HealBot is slightly less fully-flexible than VuhDo, but is still quite flexible and is easier to use 'out of the box'.
VuhDo, alongside HealBot, is the other most-used healing addon comprising both unit frames + click action functionality.
Players can customise left, right and middle-click actions with and without modifiers to perform click-to-heal actions.
VuhDo is more flexible than HealBot, but is harder to set up for use 'out of the box'.
Healer Stat Weights is sadly out of date and does not work, but when current is an increadibly useful healing-focussed addon.
Unlike simulators, which utilise algorithms as a proxy for real-game data, HSW utilises actual combat data and generates a relative weighting of stats (primary stat, secondary stats, and leech) that contributed to healing output for that fight, which therefore incorporates the player's play style rather than an algorithm to determine performance. The stat weightings will change based on the nature of the combat, but can be utilised to guide gear/stat choice by the healing player.
HSW output can also be exported to Pawn to enable gear choice from tooltips.
Dungeon & Raid Addons
Astral Keys caches your weekly best Mythic+ dungeon run on each character and your current keystone, making them available across all of your characters via an in-game window.
Astral Keys will also keep track of all your friends and guild members who have the addon and their weekly best and current keystone also. This feature propagates across friends and guild-members who are logged in at the same time.
BigWigs & LittleWigs
BigWigs (for Raids) and LittleWigs (for Dungeons) are addons which help with raid and dungeon encounters. LittleWigs is a plugin for, and requires, the BigWigs addon.
The addons add alert messages, sounds, timer bars, and so forth for key mechanics in encounters to enable players to better prepare to act to counter those mechanics.
Deadly Boss Mods
Deadly Boss Mods is an alternative to BigWigs and LittleWigs, containing both Dungeon and Raid encounters within a single addon. Selection of either BigWigs/LittleWigs or DBM is mostly by player preference, although some raid teams in particular might require one of the other addon as the standard.
Mythic Dungeon Tools is an addon for planning dungeon routes, including pull size and order and any notes around particular pulls. MDT can be extremely helpful to manage higher keys, and also for planning spawn of Prideful in Shadowlands Season One.
MDT includes import/export capability for planning routes. Popular Streamer and YouTuber Dratnos maintains a weekly route published via Raider.io here.
Mythic Plus Timer replaces the Blizzard Mythic+ Dungeon panel with a flexible timer including additional useful information on progress in the dungeon. Options include different colors for variables such as completed objectives, chest time left, and % needed before next Prideful spawn. Can optionally include the % count of the current pull. The most flexible and up-to-date M+ dungeon timer - highly recommended.
Alternatives: GottaGoFast and Angry Keystones are alternatives to Mythic Plus Timer but ultimately provide less flexibility and comprehensiveness of information.
Angy Keystones adds a schedule of the coming three weeks affixes, which might be useful for players outside of the dungeon timing display as a lightweight addon.
Premade Groups Filter adds a flexible filter to the group finder for Premade Groups advertised in the Group Finder interface. Note that the addon does not (and cannot) work with the Dungeon Finder or Raid Finder tools.
Useful for dungeons and raids in particular, players can filter the group finder by difficulty, by number of role of members, and even by dungeon. Through this a player could limit shown options to listed groups for Mythic+ Plaguefall with 2 or fewer dps members and a tank already in party. Advanced expressions can even filter by class (e.g. only parties with or without a paladin).
A very useful addon that is highly recommended.
Raider.io provides statistics on individual player progress in current-tier PvE competitive content, which is to say the current raid tier and Mythic+ Season.
The addon will display (on mouseover of any character) their calculated Raider.io score based on their completion of current-season M+ dungeons, and their raid progress (by boss, showing highest difficulty defeated for each boss only). It also works in the Group Finder which is enormously helpful for finding groups or players who have completed higher-level content.
Players can link together character on their account by linking their Battlenet account to the Raider.io website and selecting the appropriate option. Players can also choose for their score to not display at all in the same way. Most players utilise Raider.io as a proxy for how 'good' a player is at the game, and broadly, it works well.
Players can view more detailed information about a character's raider.io score and their dungeon and raid record via the website (a link is provided in the raider.io tooltip in-game to make this easier).
PUG Hero provides a quick-access interface to explain key boss encounters for PUGged groups. Pre-made text is included for some encounters, and users can input their own data or overwrite the default as desired.
The intention is to provide clear, concise information so you can avoid that (second, third) wipe where someone clearly doesn't understand the mechanics.
Angry Assignments allows an encounter leader to assign roles or provide advice through a dedicated interface, to ensure everyone understands their role in a complex encounter, or overall mechanics. Group members read the encounter advice and their role through the same interface (an on-screen window).
Exorsus Raid Tools or ERT is a toolset designed for high-level raiders and in particular raid leaders. It includes a range of features including mechanic/assignment advice, raid inspect (gear, talents, stats, gems, buffs, enchants, etc.) and in-combat performance analysis (damage output, damage taken, healing (incl. per target unit), interrupts, dispels, all casts during fight, etc.).
Highly recommended for Raid Leads, otherwise a resource only highly-performance-oriented players will likely find essential.